Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences

This systematic literature review synthesizes evidence on the challenges affecting teacher recruitment, professional development, and retention across educational institutions. Findings from 20 eligible studies were analyzed to identify recurring barriers and proposed responses across different institutional and regional contexts. The synthesis revealed persistent teacher shortages, particularly in high-need fields such as science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and special education. Low compensation, limited access to meaningful professional development, and the low perceived status of the teaching profession were frequently identified as barriers to attracting and retaining qualified teachers. Teacher preparation programs were also commonly described as insufficiently aligned with the practical demands of classroom teaching. Moreover, professional development often consisted of isolated, short-term activities that lacked sustained support and relevance to teachers’ day-to-day professional needs. Retention was particularly challenging in underserved regions, where high turnover was associated with burnout, unfavorable working conditions, and inadequate institutional support. The findings highlight the need for flexible and inclusive recruitment practices, continuous and job-embedded professional development, and supportive school environments that prioritize teacher well-being and career advancement. Addressing these interconnected challenges requires a coordinated and context-sensitive strategy that accounts for regional and institutional differences and supports the long-term sustainability and quality of the teaching workforce.

Keywords: teacher recruitment; teacher professional development; teacher retention; teacher shortages; teaching workforce; systematic literature review.

DOI https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.53.8.7

Agricultural systems in developing countries depend on complex interactions among farmers, agricultural extension agents, market actors, and institutions, making communication networks important for innovation diffusion, coordination, food security, and economic resilience. Conventional surveys, however, often fail to capture the relational structures underlying these processes. This study developed and applied a sociometric survey framework integrated with Social Network Analysis (SNA) to examine collaborative communication networks within agricultural systems. Using an exploratory research design, data were collected from 241 maize farmers belonging to two farmer groups located in the northern and southern areas of Lamongan Regency, East Java, Indonesia. Communication networks across nine sustainable agricultural technology (SAT) domains were examined using network density, degree centrality, closeness centrality, and betweenness centrality. The results revealed distinct communication patterns between the two groups. The southern group had denser communication networks for innovation generation and development, whereas the northern group had denser networks for innovation use and harvest-related activities. This mismatch suggests that intensive communication during innovation development does not necessarily correspond to equally developed networks for subsequent adoption and application. Centralized network configurations may facilitate rapid information exchange but can also increase dependence on a limited number of key actors. More distributed configurations may promote broader participation and reduce vulnerability to the loss of individual network actors. These findings demonstrate how the integration of sociometric surveys and SNA can identify structural strengths and communication bottlenecks within farmer groups. The resulting evidence may inform agricultural governance and the design of network-based interventions intended to support innovation diffusion, food security, and economic resilience.

Keywords: social network analysis; sociometric survey; innovation diffusion; agricultural governance; farmer groups; sustainable agricultural technology.

DOI https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.53.8.6

The rapid growth of social media has made Instagram one of the most prominent platforms in adolescents’ everyday lives. Although Instagram provides opportunities for self-expression and social interaction, it may also expose users to adult content, with potential implications for adolescents’ psychological, social, and moral development. This study explored the lived experiences of adolescents in Makassar City who encountered adult content on Instagram. A qualitative phenomenological design was employed. Twelve adolescents aged 13–18 years were recruited using purposive sampling and participated in in-depth interviews. The data were analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The analysis generated four main themes: (1) curiosity and initial exposure, (2) emotional and psychological responses, (3) coping strategies, and (4) the influence of cultural and religious values. Participants’ accounts indicated that curiosity frequently contributed to initial exposure, which elicited varied emotional and psychological responses. Adolescents employed different coping strategies, while cultural and religious values shaped how they interpreted and managed their encounters with such content. The findings demonstrate that Indonesian adolescents are not merely passive recipients of digital content but actively negotiate their experiences within prevailing cultural and religious norms. This study extends understanding of adolescent digital experiences in Southeast Asia and may inform the development of culturally responsive digital literacy education and parental guidance strategies.

Keywords: Instagram; adolescents; adult content; digital literacy; coping strategies.

DOI https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.53.8.5

Pocut Meurah Intan Grand Forest Park (Tahura) in Aceh Province, Indonesia, is a protected nature conservation area currently facing serious threats from human activities, such as habitat fragmentation, forest conversion, illegal logging, and bird hunting. These disturbances have adversely affected the diversity and population density of hornbill species (Bucerotidae) within the park. This study aimed to assess the diversity and population density of Bucerotidae using a survey-exploratory method. Data were collected through line transects and concentration counts across three stations, each containing five observation points. Station 1 and Station 3 represented primary forest areas, while Station 2 was exposed to human encroachment. Species diversity was analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener Index, and population density was estimated through the Eisenberg formula. Researchers recorded 118 individuals representing five hornbill species: Buceros rhinoceros Linnaeus (rhinoceros hornbill), Buceros bicornis Linnaeus (great hornbill), Aceros undulatus Shaw (wreathed hornbill), Anthracoceros albirostris Shaw (oriental pied hornbill), and Rhinoplax vigil J. R. Forster (helmeted hornbill). A total of 118 individuals representing five Bucerotidae species were recorded across the three observation stations. Aceros undulatus was the most abundant species, with 48 individuals (40.68%), followed by Anthracoceros albirostris with 38 individuals (32.20%). The calculated diversity index (Ĥ = 1.295) reflected moderate species diversity. Population densities were found to be 2.10 individuals/km² at Station 1, 1.60 at Station 2, and 2.20 at Station 3. The lowest density at Station 2 highlights the negative impact of habitat degradation, emphasizing the urgent need for focused conservation efforts.

Keywords: Bird Population, Bucerotidae, Species Diversity, Tahura Pocut Meurah Intan.

DOI https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.53.8.4

This study aims to assess the carrying capacity of the Wai Samal and Wai Eti watersheds on Seram Island, Maluku Province, Indonesia, using an integrated multi-criteria approach adapted to small island conditions. A quantitative method was employed using GIS-based land-unit analysis derived from the overlay of topographic, geological, soil, and land-use maps, supported by 31 years of rainfall, hydrological, and socio-economic data. The assessment followed the Indonesian National Watershed Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (Ministerial Regulation No. P.61/Menhut-II/2014), integrating biophysical, hydrological, socio-economic, institutional, water infrastructure, and spatial planning indicators. The results showed that the Wai Samal Watershed achieved a carrying capacity index (DDD) of 78.75 (Good), whereas the Wai Eti Watershed obtained 93.25 (Moderate). The higher carrying capacity of the Wai Samal Watershed was associated with lower critical land extent, lower erosion and flood risk, lower water-use pressure, higher land availability, and stronger institutional performance. In contrast, the Wai Eti Watershed experienced greater environmental and socio-economic pressures, characterized by higher critical land extent, greater land degradation, and less favorable spatial land-use conditions, resulting in lower watershed resilience. These findings demonstrate that the integrated indicator-based assessment provides a scientific basis for identifying watershed-specific management priorities and supports adaptive watershed management and evidence-based spatial planning to enhance long-term sustainability in small island watersheds.

Keywords: watershed carrying capacity; GIS; erosion index; watershed evaluation; small island; integrated watershed management.

DOI https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.53.8.3