Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences

This study examines Shaykh Nawawi al-Bantani’s thought on the role of tawhid (Islamic monotheism) as the foundation of moral education. It aims to analyze how the values of tawhid shape moral principles within the framework of Islamic educational thought. The study employs a qualitative approach using content analysis of Shaykh Nawawi’s major works, including Tafsir Munir, Nashoihul ‘Ibad, Maraqil ‘Ubudiyah, Bahjatul Wasa’il, Nurudzdzolam, Qami’uttughyan, and Fathul Majid. The analysis focuses on identifying key concepts related to tawhid and examining their implications for moral education. The findings reveal that tawhid serves as the central foundation for moral formation. The internalization of tawhid encourages the development of noble character, directs the purpose of learning toward seeking the pleasure of Allah, and fosters sincerity in worship, thereby strengthening spiritual devotion. In addition, tawhid cultivates acceptance of divine decree and promotes recognition of the unity of creation, humanity, life guidance, and life purpose. Collectively, these values construct a moral identity rooted in the principles of Islamic monotheism. This study highlights the conceptual relationship between tawhid and moral education in Shaykh Nawawi al-Bantani’s thought and contributes to the development of Islamic moral education by emphasizing tawhid as its fundamental ethical and spiritual foundation.

Keywords: Shaykh Nawawi al-Bantani; Tawhid; Moral education; Islamic education; Character education.

DOI https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.53.4.14

Good health and well-being constitute the third goal of the Sustainable Development Goals. One of the key indicators for assessing health-sector development is the morbidity rate. Morbidity reduces productivity and income per worker, thereby affecting broader economic performance. In Indonesia, development disparities remain evident between provinces in Java and those outside Java. This study aims to analyse the effects of economic, social, environmental, lifestyle, and health-service factors on morbidity in Java and outside Java. The study employs panel data regression using secondary data from Statistics Indonesia for the period 2017–2024, covering six provinces in Java and 28 provinces outside Java. The results show that social factors, particularly education, have a negative and significant effect on morbidity in Java. Outside Java, environmental factors, represented by access to decent housing, have a negative and significant effect on morbidity, while lifestyle factors, represented by smoking, and health-service factors, represented by unmet need for health services, have positive and significant effects. These findings highlight the importance of improving individual awareness of the role of smoking in increasing morbidity, which may ultimately reduce productivity and per capita income. The study also emphasizes the need for targeted interventions to reduce health-service gaps between Java and regions outside Java, particularly by lowering unmet needs for health services and reducing morbidity outside Java. Overall, the findings confirm that the determinants of morbidity differ significantly between Java and outside Java. Spatially targeted interventions that consider multidimensional factors may help reduce morbidity, improve labor productivity, and support economic growth in Indonesia.

Keywords: Economic factors; Environmental factors; Health services; Lifestyle; Morbidity; Social factors.

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.53.4.13

This study aims to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of the Aswaja Character-Based Project-Based Learning model (PjBL-Aswaja) in Indonesian language instruction at Islamic higher education institutions. The study employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach integrated with a mixed-methods design, consisting of four main stages: preliminary study, model design, expert validation, and field testing. The research participants included six lecturers, thirty students, and two experts in language education and Aswaja character development. The research instruments comprised validation sheets, questionnaires, observation guidelines, interview protocols, and learning outcome tests. The data were analyzed qualitatively using descriptive and interactive techniques and quantitatively using a paired-sample t-test. The results indicate that the PjBL-Aswaja model demonstrated a high level of validity (mean = 3.87), a high level of practicality (mean = 3.48), and effectiveness in improving students’ learning outcomes, as shown by a significant difference between pretest and posttest scores (t = 8.214; p < 0.05). Beyond academic improvement, the model also strengthened Aswaja character values, including tawasuth (moderation), tasamuh (tolerance), and tawazun (balance), through collaborative and reflective learning activities. The study contributes theoretically by integrating constructivist learning principles with Islamic value-based education into a unified framework. Practically, it offers an applicable instructional model for character-based Indonesian language education in Islamic higher education contexts.

Keywords: Project-based learning; Aswaja integration; Character education; Indonesian language learning; Islamic higher education.

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.53.4.12

The increasing environmental pressure associated with the rapid growth of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) has intensified the need for business models that integrate economic performance with environmental responsibility. Despite the growing interest in sustainable entrepreneurship, empirical studies examining how sustainable environmental practices and green innovation jointly influence MSME sustainability through financial mechanisms remain limited, particularly in tourism-driven regional economies. This study aims to examine the influence of sustainable environmental practices and green innovation on sustainable MSME performance, with financial performance acting as a mediating variable. The research was conducted among environmentally oriented MSMEs in West Sumatera, Indonesia, specifically in Agam Regency, Bukittinggi City, Pasaman Regency, and Padang Panjang City. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected from 301 MSMEs and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling with Partial Least Squares (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal that sustainable environmental practices and green innovation significantly improve financial performance, which subsequently enhances sustainable MSME performance. Green innovation also demonstrates a direct positive influence on sustainable business performance, highlighting the importance of innovation in strengthening long-term competitiveness and environmental responsibility. However, the direct influence of environmental practices on sustainable business performance appears relatively weaker, indicating that financial capacity and innovation capability play critical roles in translating sustainability practices into tangible business outcomes. The novelty of this study lies in integrating sustainability practices, innovation capability, and financial performance within a unified analytical framework applied to MSMEs operating in tourism-oriented regional economies. The findings contribute to the literature on sustainable entrepreneurship and provide practical implications for policymakers, financial institutions, and MSME development agencies to promote green innovation, sustainability training, and green financing initiatives in supporting environmentally responsible MSME development.

Keywords: Sustainable environmental practices; Green innovation; Financial performance; Sustainable MSME performance; Green MSMEs; Emerging economies.

DOI https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.53.4.11

This study examines the influence of Qur’an-based mindfulness on students’ academic motivation and long-term self-discipline. The research responds to the growing need for a holistic educational approach that integrates spiritual awareness with psychological engagement in the learning process. Using a qualitative library research method, data were collected through a comprehensive review of books, academic journals, and previous studies related to mindfulness, motivation, and discipline within Islamic educational contexts. The findings reveal that Qur’an-based mindfulness strengthens intrinsic motivation, enhances emotional stability, and deepens students’ moral awareness. These factors collectively contribute to the formation of consistent and sustainable academic discipline grounded in faith-based values and ethical responsibility. In addition, reflective engagement with the Qur’an promotes divine consciousness, which supports self-regulation and purposeful learning behavior. The study concludes that integrating Qur’anic reflection and spiritual mindfulness into educational practices provides a transformative framework that supports intellectual, emotional, and spiritual development while fostering disciplined and morally grounded learners.

Keywords: Qur’an-Based Mindfulness, Academic Motivation, Self-Discipline Development.

DOI https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.53.4.10