PHiL implementation of a real-time EMS for a multilevel converter powered by ultracapacitors

Javier Eduardo Pereda-Torres, Walter Naranjo-Lourido, Javier Eduardo Martinez-Baquero

Abstract

This paper presents a real-time energy management system (EMS) for an electric powertrain, tested using a Power Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHIL) platform. The system is built around a two-layer multilevel inverter (MLI) with ultracapacitors (UCaps) as distributed energy storage, capable of producing up to 11 line-to-line voltage levels. To manage energy flow and maintain the required 1:3 voltage ratio between the main and auxiliary UCap banks, a predictive vector-selection strategy is implemented within a space vector modulation with nonlinear compensation (SVM-NLC) scheme. Experimental results show that SVM-NLC achieves a higher inverter efficiency of 91.71% compared to 90.55% for conventional SVPWM, while keeping UCap voltage tracking within 5% error. The SVPWM reference also demonstrates a low output current total harmonic distortion (THD) of 0.64%, illustrating the benefits of the multilevel design. Under the testbed’s 100 A current limit, the PMSM delivers a maximum torque of 9.89 Nm, allowing accurate reproduction of a scaled ECE15 driving cycle. Overall, the proposed EMS efficiently distributes energy during both traction and regenerative braking, ensuring stable real-time operation and high energy recovery performance.

 

Keywords: Electric Vehicle, Energy Management System, Hardware-In-the-Loop, Multilevel Inverter, Ultracapacitors.

 

DOI https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.52.11.6


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